The work is part of a Group on Earth Observations (GEO) initiative called GEO Mountains, GEO’s Global Network for Observations and Information in Mountain Environments. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with Esri, the Center for Development and Environment of the University of Bern (CDE), the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA), and the Mountain Research Initiative (MRI). In addition to browsing and comparing K1, K2, and K3, the GIS datalayers are available for download. This Global Mountain Explorer (GME) was developed for web-based browsing and visual comparisons of the K1, K2, and K3 characterizations of global mountain extents. ![]() A third global mountains raster GIS layer was produced by Karagulle et al. The second global mountains raster GIS datalayer was produced by Körner et al. The first global mountains raster GIS datalayer was produced by Kapos et al. ![]() Two geographic information systems (GIS)-based characterizations derived from global digital elevation models (DEMs) at a spatial resolution of approximately 1 km have considerably advanced our understanding of the global distribution of mountains. Although the answers to the questions 1) "what is a mountain?" and 2) "where are the mountains of the world?" might seem obvious and intuitive to many, there are surprisingly few attempts to rigorously and consistently define and map the mountains of the Earth.
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